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1 Introduction

2 Your rights and obligations

3 Invoking `pspp`

3.1 Main Options

3.2 PDF, PostScript, SVG, and PNG Output Options

3.3 Plain Text Output Options

3.4 SPV Output Options

3.5 TeX Output Options

3.6 HTML Output Options

3.7 OpenDocument Output Options

3.8 Comma-Separated Value Output Options

4 Invoking `psppire`

4.1 The graphic user interface

5 Using PSPP

5.1 Preparation of Data Files

5.1.1 Defining Variables

5.1.2 Listing the data

5.1.3 Reading data from a text file

5.1.4 Reading data from a pre-prepared PSPP file

5.1.5 Saving data to a PSPP file.

5.1.6 Reading data from other sources

5.1.7 Exiting PSPP

5.2 Data Screening and Transformation

5.2.1 Identifying incorrect data

5.2.2 Dealing with suspicious data

5.2.3 Inverting negatively coded variables

5.2.4 Testing data consistency

5.2.5 Testing for normality

5.3 Hypothesis Testing

5.3.1 Testing for differences of means

5.3.2 Linear Regression

6 The PSPP language

6.1 Tokens

6.2 Forming commands of tokens

6.3 Syntax Variants

6.4 Types of Commands

6.5 Order of Commands

6.6 Handling missing observations

6.7 Datasets

6.7.1 Attributes of Variables

6.7.2 Variables Automatically Defined by PSPP

6.7.3 Lists of variable names

6.7.4 Input and Output Formats

6.7.4.1 Basic Numeric Formats

6.7.4.2 Custom Currency Formats

6.7.4.3 Legacy Numeric Formats

6.7.4.4 Binary and Hexadecimal Numeric Formats

6.7.4.5 Time and Date Formats

6.7.4.6 Date Component Formats

6.7.4.7 String Formats

6.7.5 Scratch Variables

6.8 Files Used by PSPP

6.9 File Handles

6.10 Backus-Naur Form

7 Mathematical Expressions

7.1 Boolean Values

7.2 Missing Values in Expressions

7.3 Grouping Operators

7.4 Arithmetic Operators

7.5 Logical Operators

7.6 Relational Operators

7.7 Functions

7.7.1 Mathematical Functions

7.7.2 Miscellaneous Mathematical Functions

7.7.3 Trigonometric Functions

7.7.4 Missing-Value Functions

7.7.5 Set-Membership Functions

7.7.6 Statistical Functions

7.7.7 String Functions

7.7.8 Time & Date Functions

7.7.8.1 How times & dates are defined and represented

7.7.8.2 Functions that Produce Times

7.7.8.3 Functions that Examine Times

7.7.8.4 Functions that Produce Dates

7.7.8.5 Functions that Examine Dates

7.7.8.6 Time and Date Arithmetic

7.7.9 Miscellaneous Functions

7.7.10 Statistical Distribution Functions

7.7.10.1 Continuous Distributions

7.7.10.2 Discrete Distributions

7.8 Operator Precedence

8 Data Input and Output

8.1 BEGIN DATA

8.2 CLOSE FILE HANDLE

8.3 DATAFILE ATTRIBUTE

8.4 DATASET commands

8.5 DATA LIST

8.5.1 DATA LIST FIXED

Examples

8.5.2 DATA LIST FREE

8.5.3 DATA LIST LIST

8.6 END CASE

8.7 END FILE

8.8 FILE HANDLE

8.9 INPUT PROGRAM

8.10 LIST

8.11 NEW FILE

8.12 PRINT

8.13 PRINT EJECT

8.14 PRINT SPACE

8.15 REREAD

8.16 WRITE

9 System and Portable File I/O

9.1 APPLY DICTIONARY

9.2 EXPORT

9.3 GET

9.4 GET DATA

9.4.1 Spreadsheet Files

9.4.2 Postgres Database Queries

9.4.3 Textual Data Files

9.4.3.1 Reading Delimited Data

9.4.3.2 Reading Fixed Columnar Data

9.5 IMPORT

9.6 SAVE

9.7 SAVE DATA COLLECTION

9.8 SAVE TRANSLATE

9.8.1 Writing Comma- and Tab-Separated Data Files

9.9 SYSFILE INFO

9.10 XEXPORT

9.11 XSAVE

10 Combining Data Files

10.1 Common Syntax

10.2 ADD FILES

10.3 MATCH FILES

10.4 UPDATE

11 Manipulating Variables

11.1 DISPLAY

11.2 NUMERIC

11.3 STRING

11.4 RENAME VARIABLES

11.5 SORT VARIABLES

11.6 DELETE VARIABLES

11.7 VARIABLE LABELS

11.8 PRINT FORMATS

11.9 WRITE FORMATS

11.10 FORMATS

11.11 VALUE LABELS

11.12 ADD VALUE LABELS

11.13 MISSING VALUES

11.14 VARIABLE ATTRIBUTE

11.15 VARIABLE ALIGNMENT

11.16 VARIABLE WIDTH

11.17 VARIABLE LEVEL

11.18 VARIABLE ROLE

11.19 VECTOR

11.20 MRSETS

11.21 LEAVE

12 Data transformations

12.1 AGGREGATE

12.1.1 Aggregate Example

12.2 AUTORECODE

12.2.1 Autorecode Example

12.3 COMPUTE

12.3.1 Compute Examples

12.4 COUNT

12.4.1 Count Examples

12.5 FLIP

12.5.1 Flip Examples

12.6 IF

12.7 RECODE

12.8 SORT CASES

12.8.1 Sorting Example

13 Selecting data for analysis

13.1 FILTER

13.2 N OF CASES

13.3 SAMPLE

13.4 SELECT IF

13.4.1 Example Select-If

13.5 SPLIT FILE

13.5.1 Example Split

13.6 TEMPORARY

13.6.1 Example Temporary

13.7 WEIGHT

13.7.1 Example Weights

14 Conditional and Looping Constructs

14.1 BREAK

14.2 DEFINE

14.2.1 Overview

14.2.2 Introduction

14.2.3 Macro Bodies

14.2.4 Macro Arguments

14.2.5 Controlling Macro Expansion

14.2.6 Macro Functions

14.2.7 Macro Expressions

14.2.8 Macro Conditional Expansion

14.2.9 Macro Loops

14.2.10 Macro Variable Assignment

14.2.11 Macro Settings

14.2.12 Additional Notes

14.2.12.1 Calling Macros from Macros

14.2.12.2 Command Terminators

14.2.12.3 Expansion Contexts

14.2.12.4 PRESERVE and RESTORE

14.3 DO IF

14.4 DO REPEAT

14.5 LOOP

15 Statistics

15.1 DESCRIPTIVES

15.1.1 Descriptives Example

15.2 FREQUENCIES

15.2.1 Frequencies Example

15.3 EXAMINE

15.4 GRAPH

15.4.1 Scatterplot

15.4.2 Histogram

15.4.3 Bar Chart

15.5 CORRELATIONS

15.6 CROSSTABS

15.6.1 Crosstabs Example

15.7 CTABLES

15.7.1 Basics

15.7.1.1 Categorical Variables

15.7.1.2 Scalar Variables

15.7.1.3 Overriding Measurement Level

15.7.2 Data Summarization

15.7.2.1 Summary Functions for Individual Cells

15.7.2.2 Summary Functions for Groups of Cells

15.7.2.3 Summary Functions for Adjusted Weights

15.7.2.4 Unweighted Summary Functions

15.7.3 Statistics Positions and Labels

15.7.4 Category Label Positions

15.7.5 Per-Variable Category Options

15.7.5.1 Explicit Categories

15.7.5.2 Implicit Categories

15.7.5.3 Totals and Subtotals

15.7.5.4 Categories Without Values

15.7.6 Titles

15.7.7 Table Formatting

15.7.8 Display of Variable Labels

15.7.9 Missing Value Treatment

15.7.9.1 Missing Values for Cell-Defining Variables

15.7.9.2 Missing Values for Summary Variables

15.7.9.3 Scale Missing Values

15.7.10 Computed Categories

15.7.10.1 PCOMPUTE

15.7.10.2 PPROPERTIES

15.7.11 Effective Weight

15.7.12 Hiding Small Counts

15.8 FACTOR

15.9 GLM

15.10 LOGISTIC REGRESSION

15.11 MEANS

15.11.1 Example Means

15.12 NPAR TESTS

15.12.1 Binomial test

15.12.2 Chi-square Test

15.12.2.1 Chi-square Example

15.12.3 Cochran Q Test

15.12.4 Friedman Test

15.12.5 Kendall’s W Test

15.12.6 Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test

15.12.7 Kruskal-Wallis Test

15.12.8 Mann-Whitney U Test

15.12.9 McNemar Test

15.12.10 Median Test

15.12.11 Runs Test

15.12.12 Sign Test

15.12.13 Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Signed Ranks Test

15.13 T-TEST

15.13.1 One Sample Mode

15.13.1.1 Example - One-Sample T-test

15.13.2 Independent Samples Mode

15.13.2.1 Example - Independent Samples T-test

15.13.3 Paired Samples Mode

15.14 ONEWAY

15.15 QUICK CLUSTER

15.16 RANK

15.17 REGRESSION

15.17.1 Syntax

15.17.2 Examples

15.18 RELIABILITY

15.18.1 Example - Reliability

15.19 ROC

16 Matrices

16.1 Matrix Files

16.2 MATRIX DATA

16.2.1 With `ROWTYPE_`

16.2.2 Without `ROWTYPE_`

16.2.2.1 Factor variables without `ROWTYPE_`

16.3 MCONVERT

16.4 MATRIX

16.4.1 Matrix Expressions

16.4.1.1 Matrix Construction Operator `{}`

16.4.1.2 Integer Sequence Operator ‘:’

16.4.1.3 Index Operator `()`

16.4.1.4 Unary Operators

16.4.1.5 Elementwise Binary Operators

16.4.1.6 Matrix Multiplication Operator ‘*’

16.4.1.7 Matrix Exponentiation Operator `**`

16.4.2 Matrix Functions

16.4.2.1 Elementwise Functions

16.4.2.2 Logical Functions

16.4.2.3 Matrix Construction Functions

16.4.2.4 Minimum, Maximum, and Sum Functions

16.4.2.5 Matrix Property Functions

16.4.2.6 Matrix Rank Ordering Functions

16.4.2.7 Matrix Algebra Functions

16.4.2.8 Matrix Statistical Distribution Functions

16.4.2.9 EOF Function

16.4.3 The `COMPUTE` Command

16.4.4 The `CALL` Command

16.4.5 The `PRINT` Command

16.4.6 The `DO IF` Command

16.4.7 The `LOOP` and `BREAK` Commands

16.4.7.1 The `BREAK` Command

16.4.8 The `READ` and `WRITE` Commands

16.4.8.1 The `READ` Command

16.4.8.2 The `WRITE` Command

16.4.9 The `GET` Command

16.4.10 The `SAVE` Command

16.4.11 The `MGET` Command

16.4.12 The `MSAVE` Command

16.4.13 The `DISPLAY` Command

16.4.14 The `RELEASE` Command

17 Utilities

17.1 ADD DOCUMENT

17.2 CACHE

17.3 CD

17.4 COMMENT

17.5 DOCUMENT

17.6 DISPLAY DOCUMENTS

17.7 DISPLAY FILE LABEL

17.8 DROP DOCUMENTS

17.9 ECHO

17.10 ERASE

17.11 EXECUTE

17.12 FILE LABEL

17.13 FINISH

17.14 HOST

17.15 INCLUDE

17.16 INSERT

17.17 OUTPUT

17.18 PERMISSIONS

17.19 PRESERVE and RESTORE

17.20 SET

17.21 SHOW

17.22 SUBTITLE

17.23 TITLE

18 Invoking `pspp-convert`

19 Invoking `pspp-output`

19.1 The `detect` Command

19.2 The `dir` Command

19.3 The `convert` Command

19.4 The `get-table-look` Command

19.5 The `convert-table-look` Command

19.6 Input Selection Options

20 Invoking `pspp-dump-sav`

21 Not Implemented

22 Bugs

22.1 How to report bugs

23 Function Index

24 Command Index

25 Concept Index

Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License

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17.11 EXECUTE

EXECUTE.

EXECUTE causes the active dataset to be read and all pending transformations to be executed.

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