PSPP

Table of Contents

• 1 Introduction
• 2 Your rights and obligations
• 3 Invoking pspp
  • 3.1 Main Options
  • 3.2 PDF, PostScript, SVG, and PNG Output Options
  • 3.3 Plain Text Output Options
  • 3.4 SPV Output Options
  • 3.5 TeX Output Options
  • 3.6 HTML Output Options
  • 3.7 OpenDocument Output Options
  • 3.8 Comma-Separated Value Output Options
• 4 Invoking psppire
  • 4.1 The graphic user interface
• 5 Using PSPP
  • 5.1 Preparation of Data Files
    • 5.1.1 Defining Variables
    • 5.1.2 Listing the data
    • 5.1.3 Reading data from a text file
    • 5.1.4 Reading data from a pre-prepared PSPP file
    • 5.1.5 Saving data to a PSPP file.
    • 5.1.6 Reading data from other sources
    • 5.1.7 Exiting PSPP
  • 5.2 Data Screening and Transformation
    • 5.2.1 Identifying incorrect data
    • 5.2.2 Dealing with suspicious data
    • 5.2.3 Inverting negatively coded variables
    • 5.2.4 Testing data consistency
    • 5.2.5 Testing for normality
  • 5.3 Hypothesis Testing
    • 5.3.1 Testing for differences of means
    • 5.3.2 Linear Regression
• 6 The PSPP language
  • 6.1 Tokens
  • 6.2 Forming commands of tokens
  • 6.3 Syntax Variants
  • 6.4 Types of Commands
  • 6.5 Order of Commands
  • 6.6 Handling missing observations
  • 6.7 Datasets
    • 6.7.1 Attributes of Variables
    • 6.7.2 Variables Automatically Defined by PSPP
    • 6.7.3 Lists of variable names
    • 6.7.4 Input and Output Formats
      • 6.7.4.1 Basic Numeric Formats
      • 6.7.4.2 Custom Currency Formats
      • 6.7.4.3 Legacy Numeric Formats
      • 6.7.4.4 Binary and Hexadecimal Numeric Formats
      • 6.7.4.5 Time and Date Formats
      • 6.7.4.6 Date Component Formats
      • 6.7.4.7 String Formats
    • 6.7.5 Scratch Variables
  • 6.8 Files Used by PSPP
  • 6.9 File Handles
  • 6.10 Backus-Naur Form
• 7 Mathematical Expressions
  • 7.1 Boolean Values
  • 7.2 Missing Values in Expressions
  • 7.3 Grouping Operators
  • 7.4 Arithmetic Operators
  • 7.5 Logical Operators
  • 7.6 Relational Operators
  • 7.7 Functions
    • 7.7.1 Mathematical Functions
    • 7.7.2 Miscellaneous Mathematical Functions
    • 7.7.3 Trigonometric Functions
    • 7.7.4 Missing-Value Functions
    • 7.7.5 Set-Membership Functions
    • 7.7.6 Statistical Functions
    • 7.7.7 String Functions
    • 7.7.8 Time & Date Functions
      • 7.7.8.1 How times & dates are defined and represented
      • 7.7.8.2 Functions that Produce Times
      • 7.7.8.3 Functions that Examine Times
      • 7.7.8.4 Functions that Produce Dates
      • 7.7.8.5 Functions that Examine Dates
      • 7.7.8.6 Time and Date Arithmetic
    • 7.7.9 Miscellaneous Functions
    • 7.7.10 Statistical Distribution Functions
      • 7.7.10.1 Continuous Distributions
      • 7.7.10.2 Discrete Distributions
  • 7.8 Operator Precedence
• 8 Data Input and Output
  • 8.1 BEGIN DATA
  • 8.2 CLOSE FILE HANDLE
  • 8.3 DATAFILE ATTRIBUTE
  • 8.4 DATASET commands
  • 8.5 DATA LIST
    • 8.5.1 DATA LIST FIXED
      • Examples
    • 8.5.2 DATA LIST FREE
    • 8.5.3 DATA LIST LIST
  • 8.6 END CASE
  • 8.7 END FILE
  • 8.8 FILE HANDLE
  • 8.9 INPUT PROGRAM
  • 8.10 LIST
  • 8.11 NEW FILE
  • 8.12 PRINT
  • 8.13 PRINT EJECT
  • 8.14 PRINT SPACE
  • 8.15 REREAD
  • 8.16 WRITE
• 9 System and Portable File I/O
  • 9.1 APPLY DICTIONARY
  • 9.2 EXPORT
  • 9.3 GET
  • 9.4 GET DATA
    • 9.4.1 Spreadsheet Files
    • 9.4.2 Postgres Database Queries
    • 9.4.3 Textual Data Files
      • 9.4.3.1 Reading Delimited Data
      • 9.4.3.2 Reading Fixed Columnar Data
  • 9.5 IMPORT
  • 9.6 SAVE
  • 9.7 SAVE DATA COLLECTION
  • 9.8 SAVE TRANSLATE
    • 9.8.1 Writing Comma- and Tab-Separated Data Files
  • 9.9 SYSFILE INFO
  • 9.10 XEXPORT
  • 9.11 XSAVE
• 10 Combining Data Files
  • 10.1 Common Syntax
  • 10.2 ADD FILES
  • 10.3 MATCH FILES
  • 10.4 UPDATE
• 11 Manipulating Variables
  • 11.1 DISPLAY
  • 11.2 NUMERIC
  • 11.3 STRING
  • 11.4 RENAME VARIABLES
  • 11.5 SORT VARIABLES
  • 11.6 DELETE VARIABLES
  • 11.7 VARIABLE LABELS
  • 11.8 PRINT FORMATS
  • 11.9 WRITE FORMATS
  • 11.10 FORMATS
  • 11.11 VALUE LABELS
  • 11.12 ADD VALUE LABELS
  • 11.13 MISSING VALUES
  • 11.14 VARIABLE ATTRIBUTE
  • 11.15 VARIABLE ALIGNMENT
  • 11.16 VARIABLE WIDTH
  • 11.17 VARIABLE LEVEL
  • 11.18 VARIABLE ROLE
  • 11.19 VECTOR
  • 11.20 MRSETS
  • 11.21 LEAVE
• 12 Data transformations
  • 12.1 AGGREGATE
    • 12.1.1 Aggregate Example
  • 12.2 AUTORECODE
    • 12.2.1 Autorecode Example
  • 12.3 COMPUTE
    • 12.3.1 Compute Examples
  • 12.4 COUNT
    • 12.4.1 Count Examples
  • 12.5 FLIP
    • 12.5.1 Flip Examples
  • 12.6 IF
  • 12.7 RECODE
  • 12.8 SORT CASES
    • 12.8.1 Sorting Example
• 13 Selecting data for analysis
  • 13.1 FILTER
  • 13.2 N OF CASES
  • 13.3 SAMPLE
  • 13.4 SELECT IF
    • 13.4.1 Example Select-If
  • 13.5 SPLIT FILE
    • 13.5.1 Example Split
  • 13.6 TEMPORARY
    • 13.6.1 Example Temporary
  • 13.7 WEIGHT
    • 13.7.1 Example Weights
• 14 Conditional and Looping Constructs
  • 14.1 BREAK
  • 14.2 DEFINE
    • 14.2.1 Overview
    • 14.2.2 Introduction
    • 14.2.3 Macro Bodies
    • 14.2.4 Macro Arguments
    • 14.2.5 Controlling Macro Expansion
    • 14.2.6 Macro Functions
    • 14.2.7 Macro Expressions
    • 14.2.8 Macro Conditional Expansion
    • 14.2.9 Macro Loops
    • 14.2.10 Macro Variable Assignment
    • 14.2.11 Macro Settings
    • 14.2.12 Additional Notes
      • 14.2.12.1 Calling Macros from Macros
      • 14.2.12.2 Command Terminators
      • 14.2.12.3 Expansion Contexts
      • 14.2.12.4 PRESERVE and RESTORE
  • 14.3 DO IF
  • 14.4 DO REPEAT
  • 14.5 LOOP
• 15 Statistics
  • 15.1 DESCRIPTIVES
    • 15.1.1 Descriptives Example
  • 15.2 FREQUENCIES
    • 15.2.1 Frequencies Example
  • 15.3 EXAMINE
  • 15.4 GRAPH
    • 15.4.1 Scatterplot
    • 15.4.2 Histogram
    • 15.4.3 Bar Chart
  • 15.5 CORRELATIONS
  • 15.6 CROSSTABS
    • 15.6.1 Crosstabs Example
  • 15.7 CTABLES
    • 15.7.1 Basics
      • 15.7.1.1 Categorical Variables
      • 15.7.1.2 Scalar Variables
      • 15.7.1.3 Overriding Measurement Level
    • 15.7.2 Data Summarization
      • 15.7.2.1 Summary Functions for Individual Cells
      • 15.7.2.2 Summary Functions for Groups of Cells
      • 15.7.2.3 Summary Functions for Adjusted Weights
      • 15.7.2.4 Unweighted Summary Functions
    • 15.7.3 Statistics Positions and Labels
    • 15.7.4 Category Label Positions
    • 15.7.5 Per-Variable Category Options
      • 15.7.5.1 Explicit Categories
      • 15.7.5.2 Implicit Categories
      • 15.7.5.3 Totals and Subtotals
      • 15.7.5.4 Categories Without Values
    • 15.7.6 Titles
    • 15.7.7 Table Formatting
    • 15.7.8 Display of Variable Labels
    • 15.7.9 Missing Value Treatment
      • 15.7.9.1 Missing Values for Cell-Defining Variables
      • 15.7.9.2 Missing Values for Summary Variables
      • 15.7.9.3 Scale Missing Values
    • 15.7.10 Computed Categories
      • 15.7.10.1 PCOMPUTE
      • 15.7.10.2 PPROPERTIES
    • 15.7.11 Effective Weight
    • 15.7.12 Hiding Small Counts
  • 15.8 FACTOR
  • 15.9 GLM
  • 15.10 LOGISTIC REGRESSION
  • 15.11 MEANS
    • 15.11.1 Example Means
  • 15.12 NPAR TESTS
    • 15.12.1 Binomial test
    • 15.12.2 Chi-square Test
      • 15.12.2.1 Chi-square Example
    • 15.12.3 Cochran Q Test
    • 15.12.4 Friedman Test
    • 15.12.5 Kendall’s W Test
    • 15.12.6 Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
    • 15.12.7 Kruskal-Wallis Test
    • 15.12.8 Mann-Whitney U Test
    • 15.12.9 McNemar Test
    • 15.12.10 Median Test
    • 15.12.11 Runs Test
    • 15.12.12 Sign Test
    • 15.12.13 Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Signed Ranks Test
  • 15.13 T-TEST
    • 15.13.1 One Sample Mode
      • 15.13.1.1 Example - One-Sample T-test
    • 15.13.2 Independent Samples Mode
      • 15.13.2.1 Example - Independent Samples T-test
    • 15.13.3 Paired Samples Mode
  • 15.14 ONEWAY
  • 15.15 QUICK CLUSTER
  • 15.16 RANK
  • 15.17 REGRESSION
    • 15.17.1 Syntax
    • 15.17.2 Examples
  • 15.18 RELIABILITY
    • 15.18.1 Example - Reliability
  • 15.19 ROC
• 16 Matrices
  • 16.1 Matrix Files
  • 16.2 MATRIX DATA
    • 16.2.1 With ROWTYPE_
    • 16.2.2 Without ROWTYPE_
      • 16.2.2.1 Factor variables without ROWTYPE_
  • 16.3 MCONVERT
  • 16.4 MATRIX
    • 16.4.1 Matrix Expressions
      • 16.4.1.1 Matrix Construction Operator {}
      • 16.4.1.2 Integer Sequence Operator ‘:’
      • 16.4.1.3 Index Operator ()
      • 16.4.1.4 Unary Operators
      • 16.4.1.5 Elementwise Binary Operators
      • 16.4.1.6 Matrix Multiplication Operator ‘*’
      • 16.4.1.7 Matrix Exponentiation Operator **
    • 16.4.2 Matrix Functions
      • 16.4.2.1 Elementwise Functions
      • 16.4.2.2 Logical Functions
      • 16.4.2.3 Matrix Construction Functions
      • 16.4.2.4 Minimum, Maximum, and Sum Functions
      • 16.4.2.5 Matrix Property Functions
      • 16.4.2.6 Matrix Rank Ordering Functions
      • 16.4.2.7 Matrix Algebra Functions
      • 16.4.2.8 Matrix Statistical Distribution Functions
      • 16.4.2.9 EOF Function
    • 16.4.3 The COMPUTE Command
    • 16.4.4 The CALL Command
    • 16.4.5 The PRINT Command
    • 16.4.6 The DO IF Command
    • 16.4.7 The LOOP and BREAK Commands
      • 16.4.7.1 The BREAK Command
    • 16.4.8 The READ and WRITE Commands
      • 16.4.8.1 The READ Command
      • 16.4.8.2 The WRITE Command
    • 16.4.9 The GET Command
    • 16.4.10 The SAVE Command
    • 16.4.11 The MGET Command
    • 16.4.12 The MSAVE Command
    • 16.4.13 The DISPLAY Command
    • 16.4.14 The RELEASE Command
• 17 Utilities
  • 17.1 ADD DOCUMENT
  • 17.2 CACHE
  • 17.3 CD
  • 17.4 COMMENT
  • 17.5 DOCUMENT
  • 17.6 DISPLAY DOCUMENTS
  • 17.7 DISPLAY FILE LABEL
  • 17.8 DROP DOCUMENTS
  • 17.9 ECHO
  • 17.10 ERASE
  • 17.11 EXECUTE
  • 17.12 FILE LABEL
  • 17.13 FINISH
  • 17.14 HOST
  • 17.15 INCLUDE
  • 17.16 INSERT
  • 17.17 OUTPUT
  • 17.18 PERMISSIONS
  • 17.19 PRESERVE and RESTORE
  • 17.20 SET
  • 17.21 SHOW
  • 17.22 SUBTITLE
  • 17.23 TITLE
• 18 Invoking pspp-convert
• 19 Invoking pspp-output
  • 19.1 The detect Command
  • 19.2 The dir Command
  • 19.3 The convert Command
  • 19.4 The get-table-look Command
  • 19.5 The convert-table-look Command
  • 19.6 Input Selection Options
• 20 Invoking pspp-dump-sav
• 21 Not Implemented
• 22 Bugs
  • 22.1 How to report bugs
• 23 Function Index
• 24 Command Index
• 25 Concept Index
• Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License

GNU PSPP

This manual is for GNU PSPP version 2.0.1-gff8d3d, software for statistical analysis.

Copyright © 1997, 1998, 2004, 2005, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2019, 2020, 2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

• Introduction		Description of the package.
• License		Your rights and obligations.
• Invoking PSPP		Starting the PSPP text-based interface.
• Invoking PSPPIRE		Starting the PSPP graphical user interface.
• Using PSPP		How to use PSPP — A brief tutorial.
• Language		Basics of the PSPP command language.
• Expressions		Numeric and string expression syntax.
• Data Input and Output		Reading data from user files.
• System and Portable File IO		Reading and writing system & portable files.
• Combining Data Files		Combining data from multiple files.
• Manipulating Variables		Adjusting and examining variables.
• Data Manipulation		Simple operations on data.
• Data Selection		Select certain cases for analysis.
• Conditionals and Looping		Doing things many times or not at all.
• Statistics		Basic statistical procedures.
• Matrices		Matrix operations and transformations.
• Utilities		Other commands.
• Invoking pspp-convert		Utility for converting among file formats.
• Invoking pspp-output		Utility for working with viewer (SPV) files.
• Invoking pspp-dump-sav		Utility for examining raw .sav files.
• Not Implemented		What’s not here yet
• Bugs		Known problems; submitting bug reports.
• Function Index		Index of PSPP functions for expressions.
• Command Index		Index of PSPP procedures.
• Concept Index		Index of concepts.
• GNU Free Documentation License		License for copying this manual.